Food Imagery in The Reluctant Fundamentalist - Literature Essay Samples

Mohsin Hamid’s Reluctant Fundamentalist explores the life of Changez in the United States as a young Pakistani man. Throughout the novel, the author switches between two distinctive cultural settings: the United States and a tea shop in Lahore, Pakistan. Additionally, the author also explores the value of food and beverages in certain cultural backgrounds. Hamid uses food imagery to convey cultural values throughout the novel. Throughout the novel, Hamid shows the different views cultures have on alcohol and during which occasions it is used. Even though Changez may seem like a character with strong religious morals, he is not. While talking to Erica, he mentioned that â€Å"alcohol was illegal for Muslims to buy and so [he] had a Christian bootlegger† (27) deliver alcohol to his house. Changez’s relationship with alcohol does not stop there, since he â€Å"[polished] off a third of a bottle of whiskey before [he] was able to fall asleep† (100) after watching television and feeling down. Additionally, this was not a usual nor regular occurrence for Changez as he has received the news that Americans were invading Afghanistan, which infuriated him. The use of alcohol in the Pakistani culture is used in a secretive way, yet in Changez’s case it is used as a method to relieve stress or fall asleep. The author highlights the fact that Changez’s morals and loyalties are not straight as a Muslim man, which could also influence the way his character is perceived. Contrarily from the Pakistani po pulation, Americans use alcohol as a form of celebration or in a special event. When Changez went to have dinner with Erica and her parents, the father’s first suggestion was to ask if Changez drank as â€Å"he lifted a bottle of red wine† (53). On the other hand, Erica’s mother replied â€Å"He’s twenty-two (†¦) in a tone that suggested, so of course he drinks† (53). Since Erica’s father thought that none of the Pakistanis drink, both of the parents’ replies were stereotypical assumptions towards Changez and his culture. One thinking that as a twenty-two year old, it is obvious that he will drink since it is passed legal age in the United States. The other parent saying that since he once had a Pakistani working for him who did not drink, then all Pakistani men were non-drinkers. Although something that Erica’s parents may not have known is that â€Å"many Pakistanis drink; alcohol’s illegality in [Pakistan] has r oughly the same effect as marijuana in [America]† (53). Hamid suggests that not knowing cultural background, it could lead to assumptions and misunderstandings, which happened in this case with Changez and Erica’s father. This leads to how the author uses alcohol to represent different cultural values throughout the story: Changez, a representation of Pakistani men, does not have his morals straight with alcohol as Americans do, who drink as a form of enjoyment. The author, during many occasions in the novel, makes use of food imagery to connote the different ways food is valued and shared in both backgrounds. The Pakistani culture is shown to have authentic food and have people to have pride in it, too. Changez explained to the American the significant role food played in his hometown, and generally in Pakistan. Changez mentioned how â€Å"[the American] must not pass such an authentic introduction to Lahori cuisine† since it was a â€Å"purely carnivorous feast† (101). The author illustrates s that â€Å"Pakistanis tend to take an inordinate pride in [their] food† (101) which shows the value of food in that culture. The traditional meals such as â€Å"kebab of mutton, the tikka of chicken, the stewed foot of goat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (101) express the value that Pakistanis have for their meals. On the other hand, although not quite as sophisticated, Changez recalls him sharing â€Å"tea and cucumber sandwiches† (59) w ith his family in the foothills of the Himalayas. This emphasizes the idea of the value of sharing food with those close to you, since it is a precious gift. However, in the United States, sharing meals and food is not viewed as a value, but more as a common thing to do. For Changez, the fact that Erica â€Å"spread jam on a croissant, gave half to [him]† (19) seemed quite normal, since he got used to the American culture. Erica seamlessly shared her croissant with him, which exemplifies that it is something she does without thinking, and is not viewed as a ‘value’ but more as a norm. A gesture as small as sharing a sandwich or croissant has different meaning behind it in different cultures. Hamid shows the importance and value of sharing food in the Pakistani culture since they pride their food as opposed to the Americans, who share theirs without having second thoughts. Furthermore, Hamid uses the quality of the food to express the value of it between the two distinctive cultures in The Reluctant Fundamentalist. The Pakistani culture does not value the appearance of the food, but more the inner quality and what it brings to a person. The author evokes this through Changez, who has experienced both the luxury and simplicity of food in different cultural areas. At Erica’s house one night, he â€Å"ate only bread and drank only water, a tasteless meal† (107) that eventually kept him full. Even though his family was said to be wealthy, he enjoyed â€Å"tea and cucumber sandwiches† (59) with them although it was not a lavish meal. In contrast, Hamid makes the American culture value the sophistication of their food more than its quality. Changez described how â€Å"the setting was superb, the wine was delicious, the burgers were succulent† (54) in the home of Erica’s parents. Changez describes the settings and food in a particularly formal way, which demonstrates how sophisticated the food is to Americans. Erica and Changez have also experienced a quite fancy picnic with â€Å"wine, fresh-baked bread, sliced meats, several difference cheeses and grapes – a delicious (†¦) and a rather sophisticated assortment† (58). Once again, in a picturesque background, the author shows the value of the American culture by luxurious food and contrasts it with Pakistani’s value of simplicity. This demonstrates the author’s opinion on the importance of sophistication in the United States as opposed to Pakistan. All in all, by using specific food and beverage imagery, the author manages to create and convey specific cultural values throughout the novel. Hamid explores different ways alcohol is valued, as either a way of celebrating or a way of relieving stress. Moreover, food sharing was also portrayed as an important value for both cultures in different ways, showing that they are somehow similar despite their differences. Also, the plainness and the finesse of the food also brought up the idea of the importance of quality in America versus Pakistan. Hamid conveys different aspects of how food is valued in the United States and Pakistan by creating important scenes where it is used to explore distinctive cultural values and backgrounds.

The Current Trend Of Human Population Growth - 1950 Words

â€Å"Is the current trend in Human population growth a danger to our planet?† Yes. The current trend in Human population growth is a serious issue, and, as of late, it has been the focus of numerous scientific debates and studies. Why is it a danger to our planet? Recent studies from various scientific sources show that since the late eighteenth century (after the beginning of the industrial revolution), the human population had set itself on an explosively exponential growth rate, catapulting out of the 1 billion mark to the 7.4 million people we have today in just approximately 256 years, unfortunately leaving us with the inability to cope with the situation as we would have liked to. In our current state, we simply cannot provide adequate amounts of food, medical care and living space for the planet’s out of control growth rate. Our continued inability to effectively address these issues has already resulted in mass starvation and disease in many developing countries. 1 A quote from an article on the dangers of population growth from www.pewresearch.org gives us the USA s perception on the matter of eventual resource and food shortage: â€Å"Asked whether or not the growing world population will be a major problem, 59% of Americans agreed that it will strain the planet’s natural resources, while 82% of US.-based members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) said the same† We all know that slums are formed as a result of overpopulation,Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Concept of Economic Growth Development 1299 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant factors of human life and one of the abilities which distinguish humans from animals. Over time, humans have realized their power to gain whatever they want from the environment. 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Religion And Its Impact On Society - 1033 Words

Approximately eight-in-ten people identify with some form of a religious group worldwide (Global). In a demographic study conducted in 2013 by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion Public Life, more than 230 countries were estimated to have 5.8 billion religiously affiliated people nationally (Global). This large statistic represents 84% of the 2013 world population, which at that time was 6.9 billion (Global). Religion has an immense presence in this world, but it also has a huge impact on the society that surrounds it. Contributing not only to the good of society, religion has also been used to disrupt and cause chaos. Impacting society positively, religion not only provides individuals with a moral framework for their lives, but it also brings communities together and gives them hope in difficult situations. However, in contrast religion can impact society negatively, by inspiring conflict, and those that rely on religion too much may become passive to reality. As mu ch as religion draws people together, it can also tear them apart. For centuries, religion has molded individual’s outlook and mindset to view the world in a certain way. Religion has been used as an outlet for many; it can provide a way to cope with any onset of problems. It offers an opportunity to join in a community, and to socialize with like-mined people and establish friendships and a sense of belonging. 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Discuss How Community Nursing Can Enhance the Care Given to Service Users and Their Carers free essay sample

n the United Kingdom community care has developed as an extensive political aim for 35 years. It wasn’t until the late 1980’s the change of direction was predisposed by the audit commission in 1986 and then the Griffiths report in 1988. The NHS and community care act was formed within the UK in 1990 (DOH 1990). This enabled local health and social services to take charge over their own budgets, therefore assisting them in becoming the consumer and supplier of care. (Ryan, A. A. et al). This essay will discuss how community nursing can enhance the care given to service users and their carers. It will discuss key terms such as the community nurse, the population group and how community nursing will enhance their care. Statistics will be used to support the findings. The essay will look into the shift to community care from the hospital and the role of the district nurse within this. This will be supported with political decisions and policies. This essay will discuss the role of the community nurse in providing health promotion for the service users and carers. A description of a carer, their role within the community care services and how a nurse/patient therapeutic relationship can develop and benefit the service user. This essay will also focus on the district nurse as part of the community nursing team. Northern Ireland is an ageing society. Since the early 1930’s those aged over 65 has more than doubled, therefore making a fifth of the population over 60. People over 80 are set to increase by almost half and those over 90 will double by 2025. Older people continue to have a greater need for social care services. As a result most of the social care resources are directed at their needs (DoH, 2001). â€Å"Old age and older people† are terms that are used every day and define a particular period in an individual’s lifetime. A definition of old age requires more than a physical outlook; even though â€Å"old† can be described as certain physical changes in life. Within society people aging may be considered as becoming more problematic for nurses. However, in reality this doesn’t necessarily have to be the case as older people are defined by the state retirement age of 65 (Pickering and Thompson). This was argued by the DOH 2001 as they stated, societal attitudes have changed in previous years and retirement is now not considered as a preparation for decline. As a result of this, health services have had to adjust their approach to the elderly (DoH, 2001). This population group is important to define as it will be the focus population in this essay. In Northern Ireland those aged between 65 and 80 remain more independent than those aged older, however they do use more Health and Social care services than those of younger age. In addition it is when they are over the age of 80 the demand for these services rapidly increases (DoH, 2001). According to WHO 1974, community is the people of a district or country considered collectively, especially in the context of social values and responsibilities. According to the Royal College of Nursing in 2010 (RCN), the work of a community nurse can be defined as promoting health, healing, growth and development, prevention and treatment of disease, illness, injury and disability to a variety of people. They will enable people to achieve, maintain or recover their independence where possible. They will also minimise distress, while promoting quality of life where independence is not possible (RCN, 2010). The Community Nursing Team is an umbrella term for the team of nurses that work in the community, such as the health visitor, district nurse, community midwife and other specialist nurses such as the diabetic nurse. There are also care managers who assess patients both financially and for their care needs (RCN,2010). Within the community nursing team is the district nurse. The role of the district nurse involves assessing, organising and delivering care to support people living in their own homes. The majority of people cared for tend to be of the older population. A district nurse provides one of the few 24 hour services in primary care for an often vulnerable, house bound population (Audit commission, 1999). The key purpose in providing community care services is to allow people to continue living in their own home and to retain as much freedom as possible while avoiding social isolation. Care needs can be difficult to gauge and the provision of these needs also involves matching the patient’s expectation, finances available and those persons willing to do the job (Sines, et al). The district nurse will recognise the needs of the patient and refer them to the appropriate persons to meet their needs (Chilton et al) Older people are no different to anyone else in society they wish to enjoy good health while remaining independent as long as they possibly can. Their independence will often depend on the services provided for their health and social care, and the effectiveness of these services (DoH, 2001). According to the DOH, 2004 they estimate that there are 170,000 older people receiving personal care at home from their local council,  therefore the role of the district nurse is crucial to provide the necessary health and social care for those who remain in their own home. Much of the focus of this care is promoting independence and early intervention in order to prevent a person from requiring long-term care in hospital. DOH 2012 stated, ‘Greater integration of Health Care has led to improved care processes, more satisfied staff and reduced use of ho spitals. The study carried out by the DOH (2012), revealed that hospital care was needed less for elderly patients at risk of hospital admissions when their care was co-ordinated by a care manager and community nursing team. Across a person’s lifetime the district nurses work in various surroundings, of which they provide primary nursing and health care. The nurse’s role has begun to shift in recent years. Governments are aiming for the transition of patients out of the hospital and into a community environment and by directing more attention to the provision of disease recovery nursing care (RCN, 2011) Furthermore, the community nurse’s role has developed additional emphasis on the delivery of primary intervention measures to avoid exacerbations or problems for patients living with chronic illness. Therefore (re)admission to hospital could be preventable (RCN, 2010). The nursing role has also significantly changed as the nurse is now involved in policy making and prescribing medications which was generally done by doctors (Courtenay 2000). McGregor (2008) noted the important role of the nurse in the implementation in the NHS plan (2000). The nurse’s role was expanded to, â€Å"Provide more secondary care in community settings,† while delivering 24 hour care across a variety of services. In addition to the NHS plan came the NHS improvement plan. This introduced community matrons, this is a highly skilled nursing role, using case management; that managed and supported older people with long term conditions to remain at home for longer (DOH 2004a). This role however is known as a care manager within the Northern Ireland Health Service. It is often not a nurse carrying out this role, however the responsibilities remain similar. While district nursing mainly cares for elderly people. District nurses therefore must be aware of the health and social needs for the area they are working in to deliver their care to older people in order to meet their needs and ensure that this group does not become socially isolated (Rawlinson 2012 et al in Chilton 2012 et al). According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council 2009 (NMC 2009) guidelines there are three main elements to provide safe and effective ways to provide care to the elderly; these are people, process and place. When referring to people it is considering the district nurse who is delivering this care by being competent, assertive and empathetic. Process can be defined as delivering quality care. This care should promote the dignity of the older person by promoting self-respect and worth. This would be done by effective communication, assessment of needs, respect for privacy and dignity and working in partnership which the carers and multi-disciplinary team. Place can be considered as the diverse environment in the community where the care is provided to the older person. These environments must be committed to equality and diversity, resourced adequately and appropriate to the needs of the elderly person, while being effectively managed. The National service Framework for older people came into existence in 2001 and is a comprehensive strategy with the purpose of ensuring fair, high quality intergraded health and social care services for older people (DoH, 2001). This was welcomed by the RCN who suggested that when put into practice it would support their existing gerontological nursing programme, currently carried out by the district nurse and make a major contribution towards the improvement of health and social wellbeing of older people (RCN and BGS, 2001). The district nurse must be fully aware of the support that is available to the older person and impart this information in an appropriate way, â€Å"Being person centred requires the formation of therapeutic relationships between professionals, patients/clients and others significant to them in their lives and that these relationships are built on mutual trust, understanding and a sharing of collective knowledge†. (McCormick and McCance, 2006). Peplau’s 1952 theory of nursing emphasised the importance of the nurse/patient relationship. The aim of the theory is that the nurse will use therapeutic communication skills to provide a sense of wellbeing for patients by ensuring that they feel not only relaxed but also secure. Person centred care enables this as trust and rapport will established between the nurse, patient and carers. Due to changes in social policy and the fact that people are living longer as a result of improvements in public health and medical advances, there is now an increasing demand for community care services. As older people are major users of care services within the community and those of the age of 65 is projected to rise to around 858,000 by the end of 2012. This further increasing the demand on these services (Bliss, 2006) Carers provide unpaid care by looking after an ill, frail or disabled family member, friend or partner. Carers can be defined by The Carers and Direct Payments Act NI 2002 as: ‘an individual, aged 16 or over, who provides or intends to provide a substantial amount of care on a regular basis’. Furthermore this care must be provided on an informal basis (NI Direct Government Services, 2009). All carers including family and friends play a key role within the community health environment, not only supporting the older person but also the community nurse (Bliss, 2005). The DOH 2008 highlights that 1 in 10 people in Britain are carers, in addition they outline that 6000 people per day take on new caring responsibilities. District nurses play an important role in supporting carers and recognise the inextricable link between the welfare of the patient and the carer; that is if one deteriorates the other will inevitably be affected. The district nurse recognises and addresses the needs of both the patient and the carer and in doing so protects the physical and mental health of both. The district nurse is in a distinctive position where they can monitor the carers’ situation and in doing so anticipate or avert a crisis (Bliss, 2005). This saves the NHS from the work as well as the costs involved in health deterioration and crisis intervention; therefore making economic sense. Carers save the economy ?  57 billion annually, and it is said that having carers can be likened to having a second NHS (Martin 2007). Within the role of the district nurse is the responsibility to help carers realise their rights and there is also a duty to encourage the carer to seek assessment and other sources of help (Henwood 1998). These assessments can prevent physical and mental deterioration of the carer, as the carers can feel social isolation, hit financial hardship and let their own health issue decline (Haire 2004). The white paper, Our Health, Our Care, Our Say (DOH 2006), is intended to bring a new deal for carers and make it easier to access the help that they need, including support in the form of help lines and information services, respite services and funding for training. In 2002 Carers amp; Direct Payments Act NI came into force to provide carers the lawful right to an assessment, it affords the trusts the control to offer services to carers, make direct payments accessible to more people, place a duty to inform on HSC boards and trusts and finally recognise children adversely affected by caring as ‘children in need’ under the Children Order (Ni Direct Government Services, 2009).. In Northern Ireland the establishment of the new public health agency, health and social care board and the patient client care council came about in 2009, because there was a need to improve health and wellbeing of people in Northern Ireland. These agencies decided that they needed to be more proactive and work towards to being able to anticipate and prevent health and social care problems as supposed to reacting to them. (Public Health Agency, 2012). The community nurse will be the first contact provider of care and will manage diseases and offer preventable services where possible (Rawlinson et al in Chilton et al). The district nurse also has to promote health to the elderly. The World Health Organisation 1984 defines health promotion as, â€Å"The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health†. Within health promotion district nurses also have to divide health promotion into three segments to be able to give appropriate care and advice to their patients and carers. These are primary, secondary and tertiary health promotion (Scriven, 2010). Primary health promotion based on caring for the person rather than the disease, therefore ill-health can be prevented in the healthy person and thus promoting a better quality of life (Scriven, 2010). Primary health promotion is provided by a multi-disciplinary team, within which the district nurse is one of the professionals. The multi-disciplinary approach has been a key reason for primary health promotion to be positioned in the community. The role of the district nurse is both preventative and supportive, for example educating and supporting patient on healthy eating to prevent illnesses. The district nurse must also be responsive, flexible and adaptable as well as proactive in managing long and short term patients (Rawlinson et al, 2012 in Chilton et al 2012). Secondary health promotion is when a person already has an illness. Secondary health promotion aims to prevent the illness turning into chronic or irreversible decline in health (Scriven, 2010). The role of the district nurse is to educate the patient in their own illness for example teaching a patient about their diabetes and how to administer the correct dose of insulin or managing their diet to reverse this illness. Subsequently enabling the patient to become experts in their own health and promote self-care and self-help (Rawlinson et al, 2012 in Chilton et al 2012). When the patient has ill-health that could not have been prevented or completely cured, is when tertiary health promotion comes into action (Shriven, 2010). The district nurse’s role within this health promotion is to educate patients and carers to make the most of their remaining healthy life, while preventing any further complications. By doing this the district nurse would have to educate the patient and the carer on the illness, examples of this are educating patients and potential carers on Alzheimer’s , and making them aware of potential complications of this disease (Rawlinson et al, 2012 in Chilton et al 2012). In conclusion this discussion outlines the effect that community nursing has on the Health and Social care for older people. The ageing society has enforced the need for an updated health and social care sector. If the system and delivery of health and social care did not adapt to changes in the needs and requirements of the community then to cope with the extra need. Community nurses are ideally positioned to help challenge this They communicate and mediate with hospitals, health and social care professionals, patients and carers. Furthermore with the use of therapeutic relationships and health promotion, the community nursing team will provide more effective and positive care service, not only to the patient but to the caregiver also.

Question and Objective Historical Commentary free essay sample

One of the first questions I missed was the very first question which asked about what the passage could best be described as. I originally thought it was more of a dramatic monologue. Once I checked my answers and reviewed the passage once more I realized that it was an objective historical commentary. I also got question #40 incorrect because I failed to see those terms as euphemisms. I thought they were nicknames used by the locals. The questions structure was slightly hard to follow, but it wasn’t as hard this time around. My experience with this practice multiple choice section was a more pleasant one. Although I missed a few questions, I can see that it was my own lack of comprehension that led me to incorrectness. This passage and set of questions was a lot easier to me than some of the other ones. I understood most of what was given. We will write a custom essay sample on Question and Objective Historical Commentary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were only a few aspects that were tossed at me that were lost upon me. 1. What elements of satire did you notice upon your first read of the article? Some elements that I picked up are the excessive way the author poked fun at special products that claim to heal you with the power of science. 2. What rhetorical strategies contribute to the satire? How are they effectively used? One rhetorical strategy used is ad populum fallacy. More specifically the use of bandwagoning, making sure that other important people let you know they like the product in order to gain the appeal or the common people. Another is the use of jargon. It uses many real and imaginary scientific terms such as biomagnetic and vibrational biofeedback. 3. What are the key differences between student response 2A and student response 2B? How do you account for the three point difference in scores? One of the key differences between the student’s responses is that student 1A used more precise details and quotes as opposed to student 1B who didn’t use as much details and that’s what caused the difference between their scored. 4. Explain the score received by the writer of 2C. Where do you think this writer might have missed an opportunity to craft a much stronger essay? Where are the opportunities for improvement? Student 2C received the score of 3 because of his complete lack of detail. He focused way too much on the fictional facts instead of the element of satire presented. When discussing the personal interviews the student could have used direct quotes and elaboration to further explain the content of the satirical article. 5. Based on your evaluation of the question, responses, and scoring commentary, what advice would you give to your classmates for approaching a question which requires an insightful analysis of satire? The advice I would give would be to make sure you pay attention to detail and to not be so broad when discussing the article. Be sure to use quotes and explanations. Also, be sure to give plenty of examples without straying from the context.

Bioethics essays

Bioethics essays As our technology continues to advance, new breakthroughs in medicine are discovered. With these new developments serious ethical and moral questions arise. Advancements in genetic engineering, reproductive technologies, cloning, organ transplanting, and human experimentation are all causes of concern. The Human Genome Project, an incredible scientific undertaking determined to produce a map of the human DNA code, will tell us how each gene or group of genes function (Lemonick and Thompson 44). With this map, scientists and doctors will be able to figure out how genes can malfunction and cause deadly diseases. Of course, they will also know what each gene controls, and how to manipulate and control our genes to get the specified, desired results. This is exactly the type of tool researchers need to perfect the science of eugenics. "Eugenics"- a powerful word from the Greek stem meaning "good in birth" (Gray 84). In the past, it was thought that we could improve the quality of the human race by making it impossible for those with undesirable traits to reproduce. Charles Davenport once said that he hoped "human matings could be placed on the same high plane as that of horse breeding" (qtd. in Gray 84). Many states in the United States have put into place laws that required people in custody with hereditary defects to be sterilized (Gray 85). The false science of eugenics and purification of the human race swayed these states. One such example of this is the 1927 Supreme Court case of Buck vs. Bell. The result of this case was the sterilization of Carrie Buck, the seventeen year old daughter of a "feeble-minded" mother; the mother a seven month old daughter, already determined to be of "subnormal intelligence"; legally declared a "moral imbecile" herself. But the concept of purging our race was not present in the United States alone. Hitler's concept of eugenics consisted of sterilizing the blind, schizophrenics,...

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate finance - Essay Example For banks, on the other hand, it was a bitter-sweet experience. Before the euro, they easily handled 15 different west European currencies and interest rates, and made good money out f trading cash, securities and derivatives for customers and for their own book. On January 1st 1999, when 11 currencies were irrevocably fixed against each other (the 12th, the Greek drachma, joined the euro two years later), ten out f 15 currencies vanished from traders' screens. Many European banks lost a chunk f their income. The consolation was that, at a stroke, wholesale financial markets in Europe became much more integrated and more interesting for non-European investors. This caused much rebalancing f investment portfolios, because shares, bonds, loans and derivatives could be bought across the euro zone without additional currency or interest-rate risk. On the wholesale side, the integration f European financial markets has been a resounding success. But on the retail side--bank accounts, payments, mortgages, insurance policies and personal investments--the process has hardly begun. One strong sign that there is little convergence is the scarcity f cross-border banking mergers. So far there has been only one significant one, the purchase f Abbey National, Britain's sixth-biggest bank, by Banco Santander Central Hispano f Spain. One medium-sized French bank, Crdit Commercial de France, was bought by Britain's HSBC in 2000, and in the same year Germany's HypoVereinsbank bought Bank Austria. In Italy, another Spanish bank, BBVA, looks likely to succeed in its bid for Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, and ABN Amro f the Netherlands has been battling to take over Banca Antonveneta. Apart from some cross-border bank consolidation in the Benelux and Scandinavian countries, that is as far as integration in western Europe has got. In central and eastern Europe, it is a different story. Since the early 1990s, large swathes f the banking sector there have been privatised and ended up in foreign hands. That has brought immediate benefits in terms f safety and soundness, fresh capital, innovation and integrity, although some economists are alarmed by the long-term implications. Why the east-west split Ask the head f a big west European bank why he has not bought up a rival in, say, France, Germany or Italy, and he will give two reasons. First, political and legal barriers to entry act as a disincentive. About half f the French banking system is still in public hands, and a foreigner would find it politically tricky to buy one f the three biggest banks, Crdit Agricole Lyonnais, Socit Gnrale or BNP Paribas. In Germany, an even higher proportion f banks are in public or mutual hands, which means they are simply not for sale. There is a handful f private banks, but their share f the banking market is too small to give a foreign buyer critical mass. In Italy, several f the big banks are theoretically open to takeover, but real or perceived political barriers have discouraged foreign bids until recently. The second reason for not buying is that, in contrast to domestic mergers, the expected cost savings and economies f scale are rather modest. Domestic mergers benefit from the closure f branches and cuts in the number f employees and other fixed costs. Cross-border mergers are likely to bring only a few savings from the eventual integration f IT systems, back offices and perhaps the