Acquaintance Rape And The College Social Scene - 1595 Words

Acquaintance Rape and the College Social Scene In Acquaintance â€Å"Rape and the College Social Scene,† the authors, Sally K. Ward, Kathy Chapman, Ellen Cohn, Susan White and Kirk Williams, main purpose was to report on a study they performed of the cases of sexual assaults at a specific college campus. The article provides estimates of the rate of acquaintance rape, recounting the situations surrounding the acquaintance rape, and people working toward making policies against this type of aggression. This article focuses on the themes of underreporting of the assaults, the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses, and the link between alcohol use and assault. Underreporting happens normally because the assault was done by someone the victim knew. If the perpetrator is known to the victim, people are less likely to label what transpired as rape. The article states that most women fail to report rapes and assaults because they are scared nothing will be done or they are unsure how to define what they have experienced. Research shows that on thirty-two campuses only fifty-eight percent of victims reported their rape to anyone and only five percent of that fifty-eight reported their rape to the police. A lot of research points to alcohol as the main reason for sexual aggression or assault. The article does well at focusing on the themes of underreporting assaults, the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses, and the link between alcohol use and assault. CollegeShow MoreRelatedCall to Action: Decreasing the Number of Sexual Assaults in the United States1570 Words   |  7 Pagessexual harassment, rape, even kissing can all be constituted as sexual assault. Statistics show the most common form of sexual assault is rape. Rape is defined as the unlawful compelling of a person through physical fore to have sexual intercourse or any act of sexual intercourse that was not consented to. More common than rape by a stranger is rape by someone the victim knows. There are many forms of rape including acquaintance rape, date rape, and marital rape. Acquaintance rape is a type of forcedRead MoreThe Realities of Rape Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pages Your physical injuries are nothing compared to the pain that dwells in your heart. This is the story of the Central Park jogger, and this is the reality of rape. Rape is when someone forces you to take part in sexual activity of any kind if you have said no and do not consent. Date rape is when someone you know through social connections forces you into sex. It doesnt have to just be intercourse, it could be oral sex or anal sex. Penetration can be from a body part or an object. Read More Effects Of Rape On Women Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Webster’s Dictionary describes rape as the crime of forcing another person to submit to sex acts, especially sexual intercourse. Rape is a crime in which most women cannot defend themselves. The fear of rape plagues every woman at some point or another in her life. The traumatic effects of rape vary from mild to severe, from psychological to physical. This paper will evaluate rape, as well as the effects it has on women, the theory behind male dominance and patriarchyRead MoreSexual Assault Is An Ongoing Issue For A Long Period Of Time Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagestime. In modern day society, rape incidents are more prominent in campus universities, especially in fraternities. It is noted that in frat houses, pressuring someone to engage in sexual activities is a part of the norm. Patricia Martin and Robert Hummer conducted an analysis regarding the sociological correlation between fraternities and rape on campus. The research analyzed the group an d organizational practices and conditions, and how it correlated to the abusive social context of women founded inRead MoreEssay about The Women of For Colored Girls1189 Words   |  5 Pagesdominating the other. These women together formed a bond through their various adversities, gradually taking them from strangers to acquaintances. From an objective view, the audience is allowed to simply observe the events as they take place (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011, pg. 82) chronologically. Throughout the movie during some of the conflicting and traumatic scenes, one of the women recites a poem to signify and release the emotion being felt at that time. Tyler Perry’s movie â€Å"For Colored Girls†Read MoreThe Beauty Myth By Naomi Wolf1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthis book is about women and how they are depicted according to society’s views. Women have face-lifts in a society in which women without them appear to vanish from sight (Wolf, 8). Naomi wanted her audience to see how women are victimized by men, social media and other powers that have stimulated the supposed idea of women s identity. Pain is real when you get other people to believe in it. If no one believes in it but you, your pain is madness or hysteria (Wolf, 254). Her purpose was to makeRead MoreThe Occurrence Of Rape Essay2000 Words   |  8 Pagessuch crimes. Relative terms such as rape culture have become increasingly relevant to one of the most discussed issues in contemporary society. However, a majority of the discussion centres around the impact on the victims, as well as the injustice of their behaviour. Little of the discussion looks at wh at goes on through the minds of these types of offenders. In this essay, I will attempt to unpack a number of theories that discuss the roots of the occurrence of rape. This will be evaluated in conjunctionRead MoreSexual Assault And Rape During The World Today2900 Words   |  12 PagesTwo of the most serious public health and social issues faced in the world today are sexual assault and rape. Sexual assault and rape are words that are often used interchangeably but the terms have two distinct definitions. The United States Department of Justice defines sexual assault as any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient. Sexual activities that fall under the definition of sexual assault include forced sexual intercourse, forcibleRead MoreDate Rape in the Philippines11669 Words   |  47 PagesChapter I Introduction â€Å"He said he loved me†, â€Å"I woke up without any clothes on, I couldn’t remember†, â€Å"I thought we were friends†. These are just some of the phrases that a lot of rape victims have reiterated. Women that have long been taken advantage of for men’s sexual pleasure, it is the same in every country, not just in the Philippines. Women have been fighting all throughout their history to gain equality, to rise from oppression, to release themselves from male domination, that fight isRead MoreSpecifics With A Victim Essay Example1806 Words   |  8 PagesTemple University reported Harmony Rodriguez in many articles, she later was described by a different article as LGQTQ. One of the articles from the Metro descries a victim as, â€Å"former Temple University student Harmony Rodriguez felt abandoned by the college in 2014 when she tried to seek justice against her attacker,† (Presland 2017). The addition of emotion and feelings shows how m uch more information these high case profile cases give compared to other articles. Specifics with Offenders Yale also

Physics Experiment - 5459 Words

EXPERIMENT NO-1 AIM- To determine the frequency of A. C. mains by using an electric vibrator. APPARATUS- Electric vibrator, table lamp, pulley, weight box, fishing cord, a. c. source. THEORY- when a cord of mass per unit length m is connected to the vibrating rod of the vibrator and stretched with a tension T, the cord vibrators in segments. If the length of the cord is then adjusted until the nodes are clearly marked, the frequency of the stretched string is the same as of the vibrating rod which is vibrating with the frequency of A.C. Mains. Its frequency of vibrating is given by ÃŽ ·=12lTm And this is also frequency of A.C. mains. FIGURE- PROCEDURE- 1. Switch on current and†¦show more content†¦Here the leakage current flows in the circuit. This current is known as reverse saturation current. It increases rapidly in the initial stage due to an exponential decrease of diffusion current with increasing reverse voltage. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- A V A V PROCEDURE- SEMICONDOUTOR DIODE: - FORWARD BIAS: 1. Make the connection as shown in the circuit. 2. Vary the inbuilt d. c. supply voltage in steps of 0.1V and note down corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings. 3. Plot the graph of voltage (on x-axis) Vs current I (on y-axis). REVERSE BIAS: 1. Make the connection as shown in the circuit. 2. Put the voltmeter range switch to 50V and ammeter range switch to 200  µA. 3. Vary the supply voltage in steps of 1V and note down corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings. 4. Plot the graph of voltage (on x-axis) Vs current I (on y-axis). OBSERVATION TABLE- SEMICONDOUTOR DIODE: - FORWARD BIAS: S. NO. | VOLTAGE (V) | CURRENT (mA) | | Division | Least count | Total | Division | Least count | Total | | | | | | | | REVERSE BIAS: S. NO. | VOLTAGE (V) | CURRENT ( µ A) | | Division | Least count | Total | Division | Least count | Total | | | | | | | | RESULT- Forward and reverse bias characteristics of semiconductor diode is plotted on the graph. PRECAUTIONS- 1. In the forward bias the pShow MoreRelatedPhysics Of A Physics Experiment930 Words   |  4 Pages Experiment is the way that be used by people to either practice or prove a physics theorem. It should be rigorous and carefully designed even if the experiment is dealing with a shallow thing. As simple as the experiment of detecting Friction Force between an object and surface, the experiment still has to follow several stages in order to make the conclusion accurate. First of all, every physical exam will begin with a hypothesis. We must figure out what we are going to test about duringRead MoreThe Physics Of An Experiment1509 Words   |  7 Pagesin the EPR paper and later more eloquently describe by David Bohm. 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(In brief: Observing microscopic particles seems to either: cause them to randomly take one result or the other; create a branching world for every possible outcome; or require hidden variables and allow for faster-than-light, nonlocal communication. Particles seem not to take one path, not t he other, not both, andRead MorePhysics : Science And Volcano Experiment1127 Words   |  5 Pages1. Topic; science/volcano experiment a. Teams will be investigating a volcano of their choosing, creating a model of the volcano, and writing a one page report on their findings. The team will come together to write a 1-2 page report and create a volcanic model based on the information they’ve gathered. The roles and responsibilities that students will have include the following: (1). Teammate 1 will be a researcher and Praiser. He/she will verbally express appreciation for teammates’ ideas andRead MorePhysics Of Hot Air Balloon Experiment1808 Words   |  8 PagesPhysics The following report explains the results of a model hot air balloon experiment that replicates a previous incident in which the temperature in the envelope was heated to a point until it was burned. After assessing the researched and calculated data, the assertion of the â€Å"air in the balloon becoming too hot† to lift the mass will be validated. The physics related to the operation of hot air balloons is essentially the use of hot air to create a buoyant force and generate lift. 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Motivation and Performance Theories in Relation to New Zealand Post Free Essays

A simple game of bingo, if analysed closely, can be shown to be a tedious task consisting of a repetitive action that occurs after being prompted by a repetitive stimulus. The skill level needed to make that action is low, and the variability in the rules of the game rarely changes. This game is not unlike many of the jobs that can be classified as having low motivational performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Performance Theories in Relation to New Zealand Post or any similar topic only for you Order Now So why do people not only enjoy playing games like bingo, but actually pay money to have the pleasure? The answer directly points to the motivating factors of monetary rewards, which is the stimulus for the individual†s performance. In this essay I will discuss the theory behind â€Å"Motivation† and â€Å"Performance† in relation to New Zealand Post and the theoretical ideals that their management should adopt with employees. There are many theories regarding motivation with the most prevalent being the theories of Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg. It is important to understand these theories and their implications to accurately comment on reinforcement theories of motivation. According to Maslow†s hierarchy of needs, there are five classes: (1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) social, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualisation. (Karen. P. Harlos Lecture Notes) each lower level need must be satisfied before an individual experiences higher level needs. Also, as Hall, Batley, Elkin, Geare, Johnston, Jones, Selsky and Sibbald (1999) found that Maslow hypothesized that as physiological, safety, social, and esteem needs were satisfied, they ceased to motivate, while the self-actualisation needs actually motivate an individual more as they are satisfied (Hall et al. 999). Herzberg used this theory as a base to build his motivation-hygiene theory, which ties Maslow†s needs to on the job achievement. The hygiene elements relate to low needs (physiological, safety, and social)(Harlos 2000). For an individual, hygiene conditions include company policy and administration, supervision, relationships with peers and supervisors, work conditions, salary, status, and security. These, according to Herzberg account for 69% of the factors that cause employee dissatisfaction or lack of motivation. The motivation conditions, which include achievement, the job itself, recognition, responsibilities, and personal growth, accounted for 81% of the factors that contributed to job satisfaction. The hygiene conditions are extrinsic factors (behaviour that is performed for material or social rewards as defined by Harlos 2000) while the motivation conditions are intrinsic factors (behaviour that is performed for its own sake not for material or social rewards as defined by Harlos 2000), and the only way to sustain motivation toward organizational goals is through the achievement of intrinsic outcomes. Each of these theories has proven to contain ideas consistent with human nature, but each also has its limitations within organizational settings. Because lower order needs are generally satisfied in the workplace today, managers have to deal with how to provide esteem and self-actualisation to their employees, and that can be a vague concept to a manager who demands results immediately. Also, studies demonstrate that different workers are motivated by different factors be them intrinsic or extrinsic. In relation to New Zealand Post the above theories can be applied to achieve an excellent level of motivation within the organization, however there are potential disadvantages also, where the employees may get over-motivated or become too empowered and thus create divisions within the organization. In terms of Maslow†s theory, the five levels of needs could be ensured by mangers of NZ Post and overall by the corporate planners of NZ Post by the following; in terms of physiological needs, money is the driving factor here as it provides the a means of achieve food, shelter, warmth and sleep, thus that management role is very limited, as it is controlled to a degree by relevant laws of the country. However those above the management who set wages must be careful not to set wages too low, otherwise workers will become grossly dissatisfied and look elsewhere to achieve their basic needs (Hall et al. 999). At the safety level NZ Post can provide their employees with agreeable contracts and work benefits such as health care. A work environment that is considered safe as well as adequate ongoing training is another aspect, also assurances of long-term employment (Hall et al. 1999). Social level issues can be resolved by NZ Post by organising teams maybe by regions and encouraging group satisfaction, or perhaps even making sure contact is established by way of team sports days, or annual picnic†s etc, any activity that ensures worker contact (Hall et al. 999). The next level is perhaps the most crucial in terms of how much NZ Post management is concerned, management may be able to fill esteem needs of the employee by showing recognition of a job well done, which may lead to a internal structure whereby levels of achievement are reached, and as the employee reaches these levels they may gain more responsibility within the organisation (Hall et al. 1999). Self actualisation needs in terms of what management can do for employees to reach this stage, entirely depend on the individual, and the previous stage, as itself esteem is realised then self actualisation becomes of more importance, and so the employee is self-motivated and the role of the NZ Management is merely one of maintenance (Hall et al. 1999). The above are all very good in theory, but in practice the implications of some of these theories for an individual and for the organisation can be crucial. NZ Post Management couldn†t be blamed if they felt the offering of money to an employee over and above what the individual needs to satisfy there needs would result in that individual working harder, however what is more likely to happen is the individual isn†t motivated anymore by that factor, and is instead motivated by esteem needs, as cited in Hall et al. 2000) â€Å"A satisfied need is not a motivator† The application of the Herzberg two-factor model is in practice much more involved that I first thought, there seems to be a large amount of criticism about Herzberg, which I will attempt to briefly outline, and thus if NZ Post was to adapt this theory it may not provide the right answer to any problems they may be facing. Firstly there has been research done into the methodology of Herzberg’s research, it seems that by asking the questions in the way that they did it was only natural that individuals would attribute the good things about the job to themselves and the bad things to the organisation (as suggested by Vroom 1964 cited in Thomson 1989). So the good things simply became meting challenges, getting promoted and assuming responsibility, whereas bad things were in affect always the fault of the organisation. Thus it was reasonable for individuals to attribute their lack of performance as being a result of poor organisational structure or communication, or poor wages or bad working conditions, therefore Herzberg†s findings were more a result of the way the questions were asked and not altogether an indication of what motivated individuals at work. The second criticism that arises is whether or not it is possible to clearly â€Å"distinguish between motivator and hygiene variables in the way that two factor theory does. † (Thomson 1989 pg 164). At times factors like the gender of the worker and the structure of the organisation tends to influence whether or not a job characteristics acts as a motivator or a hygiene, thus the distinction is not as clear cut as Herzberg†s theory would suggest. Finally the two-factor theory just doesn†t take into consideration the differences between individuals, its just known that individuals do not always react in a similar fashion, for the same work characteristics which will motivate one individual may not necessary motivate another. I suggest for NZ Post to be able to maintain the calibre of people they strive for, and to provide tools to develop and grow, the best way to create the desired environment and create the best management would be to adopt Maslow†s theories, as it allows for more of an individual touch to individual situations. McGregor developed an additional theory on human behaviour, motivation, and especially performance in the late 1950†³s. His theories X and Y and were based on assumptions made regarding the â€Å"system† and individuals. In short, in Theory X (the most common management practice) management organizes all elements of production, motivates and controls employee behaviour to fit the needs of the organization, and without this intervention, employees would be indifferent to changing organizational needs. McGregor further assumes that managers believe that the average employee is by nature are lazy, dislike work, want security and dislike responsibility (as cited by Harlos 2000). McGregor†s alternative to Theory X was Theory Y. This theory made the assumptions that management has the responsibility for organizing the elements of production, people are not by nature passive, but become so as a result of experiences, management should enable employees to develop their motivational characteristics, and that it is essential for management to arrange organizational conditions in a manner where employees can achieve their own goals by directing their personal effort towards organizational objectives. The contrast between X and Y solely relates to who controls human behaviour. Theory X touts external control, and Theory Y promotes a self-fulfilling prophecy and that Theory Y management will breed Theory Y employees and vice-versa. In the application of McGregor†s theories an obvious pitfall is that obviously given the choice management will opt for Theory Y, however the application can result in a very different outcome. Theory Y places an unrealistic amount of burden on the management, and thus they have to sometimes resort to Theory X as no matter how much nurturing or inspiration managers give to employees, there will always be some who just have no desire to work, and show little or no initiative. So NZ Post may run many seminars to attempt to increase performance, or empower those who management feel need a performance boost, yet inevitably those who have no desire to perform better will just not respond to any of these performance motivators and hence management will have to resort to Theory X management to get these employees to work as they should be. Another problem may be with those employees who have been part of the organisation for a number of years, and a new fresh inspirational manager comes along who has been to all the courses and seminars and has used all the theories, and yet these employees are so used to old school Theory X management, they will just simply not be able to conform to this new Theory Y management style, as suggested in Hall et al. (1999) In conclusion I have outlines both Maslow†s and Herzberg†s theories in relation to motivation and McGregor†s theories in relation to performance. I also have suggested ways in which NZ Post could apply these theories to enable them to better fulfil their corporate profile statement. I suggested that perhaps Herzberg†s theory would not be best suited to NZ Post due to the many flaws in the application of his theory and that Maslow†s theory in practice would enable a better fufilment of the corperate profile statement. How to cite Motivation and Performance Theories in Relation to New Zealand Post, Essay examples

Business Information Analysis Structures - Policies and Needs

Question: Discuss about the Business Information Analysis for Structures, Policies And Needs ? Answer: Introduction This report is based on the primary aspects of business information analysis. The paper focuses on assessing the practices regarding defining the needs for change, analyzing the corresponding values to the stakeholders of the organizational business and ultimately recommends appropriate solutions. The fundamental purpose of performing the business analysis activities is to apply a particular set of tools and technologies for understanding the required changes in the structure and policies for the business to be able to recommend the proper solutions so that the organization achieves its objectives successfully. The report includes multiple statements based on the data collection process carried out for yielding valuable information from the respondents. The total number of respondents is 109. The student respondents were asked questions typically about the common concerns and differentquestions about business information analysis and relevant factors that assists in uncovering the aspects and finally achieving the goals and objectives of the study. Statements Majority of the students need improvements in the quality of teaching, social events and class sizes of the University Rationale It is true as the major portion of the students including both male and female of age group between 18 to 41 studies accounting finance and business in the University. As the majority of students are studying in the mentioned subjects so there is a need for larger classes in the University.Majority of students studying Accounting and Finance and Business with Accounting who took the business information analysis test found the urge to participate and experience different social events to enhance teamwork capabilities, introduce recreational activities and establish a sporting spirit inside the University. Analysis The responses to questions range from 1 (Highly disagree) and 5 (Highly agree). It is assumed that a student suggesting 4 or 5 highly agrees to the need of improvements in the facilities of the University.With the large number of students of business, finance and accounting studies, it is important that the Universityfocus on improving the class sizes so that more number of students can be accommodatedeasily inside the classrooms. Apart from that, the quality of teaching was another common factor mentioned by the students. Other factors of concern were improvement of the various facilities, introducing more number of social events in the Universitys educational environment. The majority of the student respondents were male between the ages of 18 to 32 and undertaking business with accounting and finance studies. When asked about their likeliness of the test on business information analysis, most of the responses were either neutral or quite likely. Conclusion and Recommendations The University has the highest number of students studying accounting, finance, and business with accounting, and therefore, most students felt the need of larger class sizes so that greater number of students is accommodated easily. Apart from that, introducing social events in a more frequent basis will help creating a fun environment that will motivate the students even more. It essentially helps boost the students energies and establish productive ways for refreshments and sporting events. Furthermore, it can facilitate the students to improve and increase their level of interaction with each other providing them with enhanced capabilities to collaborate and coordinate with their team members. Majority of the students avail University bus and public transportation to reach the University Rationale This statement is true as out of the total 109 students, 65 of the students avail the public transport or University bus to reach the University for their Study.Another significant portion of the Universitygoers takes a walk or has a Car. Besides, those who stay nearby usually walk to the University and others use cars to reach their University. Most of the students attend the University lectures and workshops four or five days a week. The frequency of students visiting the library is also moderately high. About four or five students visit the library every day. Others moderately visit the library for study purposes. To be more precise, students usually go to the library, at a minimum three to four times. Two of the student respondents specifically replied with zero times that they visit the library. Analysis The various preferences for transportation was gathered form the students to analyze their choices to reach the University.From the received results and outcomes of the information collection process, it is evident that students who live in nearby places to the University prefer walking to the University rather than taking the public transports or even the University bus. On the contrary, among the students who usually stay at faraway or distant locations from the University, mostly choose the public transport to come to the University. Besides, a significant portion of the student population also avail their personal cars to attend the University lectures. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above outcomes and analysis of the results, it can be said that the students mostly prefer the public transport to go to University. However, students living quite closer to the University prefer to come to the University on foot. Apart from that, most of the students visit the library almost four to five days a week. Around five students daily go to the library to study. Therefore, it can be concluded that the University library occupies a major contribution towards the educational improvements of the students. The students were also asked about the frequency in which they attend the different workshops and lectures held at the University premises. The analysis from the outcomes conveys that a significant portion of the respondents population attends the lectures and workshops for four days a week. A fewer number of students replied with three days and a minority answered with five days. On asking them about the time that it takes to reach the University, majority of studen ts responded with around 5 to 10 minutes by walking; whereas, those availing public transport usually come from distant locations, thereby needs much more time to reach the destination. Most of the students are familiar with social media and frequently visits University cafe or restaurants Rationale The visit to University restaurants or cafes are somewhat related to social media as majority of the students like to spend their time in social media while sitting in the University cafes.This statement is true asmajority of the students regularly use the social networking and social media services for more than 20 to 30 hours per week sitting in the University cafes or restaurants. The responses include two females of 19years of age pursuing business and accounting course who spend around 80 hours in the social media and social networking sites. Most of the students speak about three languages, a significant portion speaks about two to five languages, one 24 years old female speaks a total of seven languages studies accounting and finance from theUniversity. Analysis The response to the questions regarding how often the students visit to University cafe or restaurants range from 0 (Not at all) to 10 (Most likely).According to the collected responses received from the students of the University, it can be said that the majority of the population moderately visits the University cafeteria and restaurants (about three times in a week). On the other hand, another significant portion of the University goers eats from the University cafes about twice a week. An ignorable or minor number of people almost daily avail the food services from the University restaurants and cafes. During the term time, about 67 students out of the total 109 respondents stay at home. Another group of students uses either the University accommodation services or private accommodation. Conclusion and Recommendations By analyzing the outcomes and results received from the respondents, it can be concluded that the majority of students stay at home during the term time. Others avail the University accommodation or the private accommodation during the term times. The University restaurants and cafes do moderate business during the weekdays. It can be beneficial for the University business if they improve the products and services of the University caf and restaurant, introduce new attractive food menu items and establish faster and efficient facilities and services. Apparently, majority of the student groups speak multiple languages and spends significant amount of time in the online social media and networking sites. The major number of students are satisfied with their course Rationale It is true as majority of the students responded to be moderately satisfied with their courses. Many of the students are more likely to use the services of the University bus to reach their destination. Lot of the student respondents spends quite significant amount of money on average at lunch. The highest number of students has English as their first language. Apart from that, many other students have first languages such as French, Malayalam, Nepalese, Urdu, Farsi, Somali, Hindi, Kurdish, Norwegian, Tamil, Bengali, Albanian, Italian, and so on. Analysis The response of the questions range from 1 (Not Satisfied) to 5 (Highly Satisfied). It is assumed that a student responding with 4 or 5 is highly satisfied with their course. The major portion of the students presented 3 that means they are moderately satisfied with their courses and thus this statement can be accepted.The students mostly come from an English background that is moderately satisfied with the present courses that are taught in the University. However, from the above fact a recommendation can be drawn for the University to improve or restructure their course content so that more number of students find greater interest in studying the different courses offered in the University. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the majority of students have English as their first language and suggest further enhancements in the course structure of the University as well as they need improved quality of teaching, larger sizes of the classrooms. The students mostly eat food from the canteen, star bucks at the library or fromsubway. Mostly the students prefer business information analysis as their module Rationale It is believed to be true as majority of the students choose Business Information Analysis as their choice of course to study.The University has different types of activities that are performed in the induction week. In this scenario, more number of socializing events can be introduced that will essentially facilitate the University to establish higher level of interaction that in turn increases the amount of coordination, collaboration and cooperation among the students. Furthermore, it is also important to emphasize on the necessity of acquiring adequate skills and competence in team building and development. Analysis The information was gathered on the choice of courses from the students where most responded with Business Information analysis as their module.The students mostly responded with Business Information Analysis as their favorite module. On asking about their part time job, an equal portion of the population of the student respondents either have or do not have a part time job. Majority of the student respondents have already thought about their future career options. Conclusion and Recommendations The Kingston University has multiple choices of activities for the induction week. Some of the example activities for the induction week are socializing events and activities, workshops, team building, lectures, campus tours and so on. Majority of the students have chosen Kingston Universityas their first choice Rationale It is assumedas true because the majority of the students presented Kingston University as their first choice of preference for their study.The Kingston University was the first choice for the majority of the students who participated in the questionnaire survey. Apart from that, a significant portion of the student population also voted for the clearance choice. There are multiple types of societies that the student can be part of such as business or entrepreneur, sports or hobbies, cultural or faith, volunteering, and so on. Analysis This statement can be accepted as out of 109 respondents 49 students responded Kingston University as their first choice. From the collected information, it can be concluded that the most preferred and most favorite social networking and social media app is WhatsApp. On the contrary, Skype is the least used and least favorite social media app as voted by the student respondents. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above data collection and data analysis process, it is evident that most of the students use WhatsApp as their common mode for socializing. Apart from that, various students with significantly diverse cultural and lingual backgrounds have naturally selected Kingston University as their first choice. The majority of students (around 33 students out of the total 109) respondents chose the Kingston Universitys canteen food store for having their lunch; whereas, library Starbucks is also a popular choice among the students. Most students have experience in using both Excel and Statistics Rationale This is true as the students have essentially learnt to use the statistics tools and method as well as operated with the Excel functions both in the schools and throughout their academic careers so far. Analysis 42 out of the total 109 student respondents replied that they have used both statistics and excel in their academic career. Therefore, it can be said that majority of the students are adequately familiar and experienced with using statistics and excel tools. Conclusion and Recommendations Therefore, students of Kinston University are adequately familiar with the tools for data analysis for research and study related purposes. Most students want to go for UK employment after completing their graduation Rationale The students are most likely to obtain the necessary education, required skill set in their academic careers spent in schooling and university. The graduation course helps them in gaining adequate knowledge to be able to start a challenging professional career. Analysis From the 109 student respondents of Kingston University, 55 students responded that they want to go for UK employment. From the rest of students (54) about 23 respondents said they want to for a career that combines study and employment together. Conclusion and Recommendations Therefore, it is obvious that students are mostly inclined towards engaging themselves in employment after successfully passing out their graduation degrees. Majority of students are from United Kingdom Rationale The Kingston University is located in the southwest of London in the United Kingdom. Therefore, it is most likely that the majority of students belong to UK itself. Analysis From a total 109 student respondents, 81 of them are from United Kingdom. Apart from that, 16 students are Non-UK and 12 of them are Non-EU. Conclusion and Recommendations It can be concluded that the University mostly attracts its student base from the country itself. Apart from that, there are significant portions of population who belong outside of UK. Majority of students use WhatsApp and Instagram as their common social media app Rationale WhatsApp can be considered as the most common form of social media use as it facilitates an efficient and easy to use platform for instant messaging that helps the students keep in touch and stay up-to-date. Analysis 34 students out 109 use WhatsApp, whereas 21 of them use Instagram. Rest of them use mostly use Facebook. Apart from them, there are users of Twitter, Skype, Snapchat and many more. Conclusion and Recommendations Students find WhatsApp most feasible and efficient to use as a form of social media app due to is easy to use and efficient features involving easy and instant sharing of messages, videos, or photos. Results Figure 1: University degree Figure 2: Mode of transportation Figure 3: Place to live during term time Figure 4: Favorite Module Figure 5: Favorite Kingston Hill Campus Caf Figure 6: Preferred activity in induction week Figure 7: Preferred activity in induction week Figure 8: Type of choice for Kingston University Figure 9: Favorite social media app Findings The overall data analysis process has been performed to yield some useful information that helps in determining the importance of business information analysis. Each of the statement included in this paper concentrates on the preliminary aspects of studying in University and the associated factors.The analysis establishes some ground rules and enables suggesting some recommendations to improve the Universitys business system. The University infrastructure, for example, can be improved to accommodate the growing number of students. In addition to that, the University restaurants and cafeterias can do better business if variety of high quality food are introduced in the menu. Students mostly mentioned the factors such as quality of teaching, number of social events and size of classrooms as the weak points and in need of improvements. It can further be concluded that students who live closer to the University mostly prefer to walk on foot to reach their University. On the other hand, the students who stay at some distant places require using either public transportation services or University bus to reach the University. Apart from that, the students mostly want to pursue a career and at the same time continue with the higher studies.In addition, very little number of students wants to further study only. Furthermore, almost all of the participant students have thought about their future career options and a significant portion of them already have a part time job. On asking about the workload involved in the part time job, students mostly responded neutrally. However, the degree of comfort or adjustment with the University was either moderate or low for most of the participants. Conclusion The report discusses about the business information analysis and understanding the business Structures, Policies And Needs for change to be able to recommend proper strategies and solutions. The structure of the report consisted of the main statements obtained from the data collection and questionnaire survey conducted with specific objectives. The study included a total 109 student respondents in the question answer session. The data analysis process is carried out in detail in this paper. In addition to that, it includes a comprehensive visual representation of the primary or fundamental factors yielded from the data collection and data analysis process that has been performed with the help of the data formulated in the excel sheet. Lastly, the findings section represents a brief overview of the entire study and analysis performed on the topic of business information analysis involving the University students as participants in the research.

Causes of Noise

Introduction Hearing loss may be classified differently. The most common classification is based on the pathology where the disease may be conductive or sensorineural. Another classification is based on the cause of the hearing loss, which may be age-related (presbycusis) or in noise-induced cases as discussed below. In conductive hearing loss, the transmission of sound to the cochlea is ineffective, despite the nervous system being intact.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Causes of Noise-induced Hearing Loss specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ear is divided into the external, middle, and inner ear. Obstruction to the transmission of sound along the pathway results in conductive hearing loss. The causes of conductive hearing loss may be congenital such as the meatal atresia, or acquired such as the case of accumulation of wax (Gradwell, Rainford, 2006). Sound is perceived in a series of physiological c hanges that occur in the ear. There is a change of energy from sound to mechanical and then to electrical energy that is transmitted to the brain for interpretation. The main organ that is involved in the sound perception is the cochlea, which has specialized structures that change sound into the nervous impulses. Sensorineural hearing loss results from lesions that interfere with the transmission of electric impulses from the cochlea to the brain (Orsello, Moore, Reese, 2013). Lesions in the cochlea result in sensorineural hearing loss. These cells may be acquired or congenital. Another form of hearing loss is presbycusis, which results from the fixation of the ossicles because of old age (Abel, 2005). A common cause of hearing loss is induced by noise. People operating loud machinery are prone to this disease. The military is a career that is frequently associated with noisy environments, especially where aircraft engines are involved. According to Azizi (2010, p. 116), Noise-ind uced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is the irreversible damage to the cochlea hair cells, resulting in partial or total hearing loss. Noisy environments induce NIHL. Some of the mostly affected individuals are the military workers and aviators. The severity of NIHL varies depending on the duration of exposure and the intensity of the sound that causes the hearing loss. Noise-induced hearing loss can be described as a relatively new condition, if the history of man is anything to go by.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its origin dates back to just a century when man invented gunpowder and started using it in war. The industrial revolution that followed also contributed to the progression of the condition, with measures of prevention being fronted such as the use of security devices including earmuffs (Dehart, Davis, 2008). Protection devices such as the ones mentioned above have a considerable success in preventing noise-induced hearing loss because of the findings of the different studies that were done comparing the development of NIHL in people who used protection as opposed to those that did not (Barney Bohnker, 2006). However, the use of protection devices has been found to have no effects on the development of presbycusis, which usually develops because of age (Rajguru, 2013). The noise-induced hearing loss is different from presbycusis, which has an onset that is dependent on age (Dehart, Davis, 2008). The military is the most affected group by the NIHL due to the reasons stated above, with the aircrew of both civilian and military aircrafts being at a greater risk of the condition. Therefore, this research provides a critical evaluation of the causes of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) in aircrew. Materials and methods This research paper was an article review where articles written by researchers after carrying out their research were analyzed. The benefits of using an article research include the relative shorter period required to carry out the research and arrive at the relevant conclusion. The other reason for an article review is the accuracy of the gathered information since most of the researchers have efficient utilization of resources. The initial step is the development of the study objectives, which involves comparing the different positions in the aircraft in relation to the development of noise-induced hearing loss. The development of these objectives is followed by the search of relevant articles in the database. The keywords that are chosen for the search include hearing loss, aviation noise, noise-induced hearing loss, aircrew hearing loss, and presbycusis. Pub Med is the database of choice since it provides the best results for the peer-reviewed articles. The search for the key words in the database will provide many useful results, which will be used in the final analysis. One of the inclusion criteria th at are used include the requirement that the articles have to be in English. Those that are not written in English will not be used in the analysis. The different causes of hearing loss will be evaluated in the search, with the search results being scrutinized to see if they have important findings in their references. The selected literature will be used in the research. Some of the important information will be the differences between the diverse types of aircrew.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Causes of Noise-induced Hearing Loss specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The search provided over 100 useful literatures. After this search was refined, about 20 articles were found relevant for the study. The assumption was that different members of the aircrew were affected differently by the noise from aircrafts, and hence the need to investigate the extent of the problem in these individuals. The data from th e literature was then analyzed qualitatively, with a determination of significance of the results. Most of the studies were biased on the type of the aircraft operators, with pilots being the main ones under focus. In one of the studies, Wagstaff and Arva (2009) compared the differences between hearing loss in pilots and air traffic control personnel. In this study, the researchers randomly selected182 medical files from the Civil Aviation Agency. The files belonged to different cadres of aircrew (Wagstaff Arva, 2009). The main group consisted of pilots who had different noise exposure as witnessed by the different degrees of noise from the aircrafts they worked with. Helicopter pilots were also selected, with researchers putting the ambient noise in their cockpit at about 90-95 decibels (Wagstaff Arva, 2009, p. 858). The air traffic control group in this study was mainly selected as a control group, with the study assuming that the group was exposed to the least noise compared to the aircrew. The use of ear protection during the normal operations was investigated in this research. The method that was adopted to gauge the degree of hearing loss was the use of audiometry, which provided useful audiograms for the study (Wagstaff, Arva, 2009, p. 858). The obtained audiograms were compared with those obtained for the respective age. In the research by Wagstaff and Arva (2009), the methods used in the analysis were statistical analysis tests such as the student’s t–test for paired samples. The level of significance used in this study, as in most studies, was set at 0.05 (Wagstaff, Arva, 2009). This method of analysis was accurate. It provided results that were reliable in most of the analyzed studies. Results Most of the studies were comparing the levels of hearing loss between different aircrews while others showed the differences accorded by the use of ear protection. The different types of aircrew that will be discussed in this particular artic le include the diverse types of aircraft pilots, flight attendants, and the ground crew.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A special category is the space shuttle crewmembers that are also under the risk of developing this kind of hearing loss that is occasioned by the engine noise from the space shuttles. Azizi (2010) asserts that the main occupations that develop hearing loss are the ones that have a considerable degree of noise production. Such occupations are mainly those working in heavy industries, mining, construction, coal mining, and special forms of farming (Azizi, 2010). In the aviation industry, Azizi (2010) confirms that some of the individuals at risk include the maintenance workers, the flight crews, airline ramp employees, and pilots. Azizi (2010, p. 117) observes that some factors predispose workers to NIHL. These risk factors include a history of ear disease, hypertension, intake of ototoxic drugs, and smoking (Azizi, 2010, p. 117). Some of the other factors that are known to accelerate or predispose an individual to NIHL include diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, chemical substa nces such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, heat, and smoking (Azizi, 2010, p. 117). Sources of Noise In the researches that were evaluated, some provided a look at the important sources of noise in the aviation industry. The main sources of noise in the aviation industry that most of the researchers discuss are the aircraft engines. The engines are said to produce the greatest amount of noise. The evolution of these machines has worsened the problem. According to Miss (2004), the planes used in the era of the World War I and II by the United States’ air force produced as much as 120 dB of noise. This noise hinders communication and/or acts as a catalyst for development of hearing loss. The invention of the jet engine is said to have made the most important contribution to the problem. Apart from the engine that is the greatest source of noise in the cabin, the other sources of noise in this area include the aircraft conditioning system where the turbulent flow of air causes significant noise (Miss, 2004). The other sources of noise that was evident from these studies include the mechanical and the pressurization systems. Helicopters have special sources of sound generation such as the mechanical and engine systems. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Pilots The level of NIHL in pilots is said to be higher compared to other aviators. In fact, pilots have the greatest level of hearing loss. In one of the studies that compared the audiograms for military aviators over time, these aircrew members were found to have a considerable degree of hearing loss (Owen, 2004, p. 57). Owen (2004, p. 57) asserts that there is an expected decrease in the level of hearing with age. The decrease in hearing for the aircrew that was investigated showed a hearing loss that was not age-related in military pilots. The researcher used the results of the scheduled audiometry tests for the military pilots, with the results indicating that the first audiogram was different from t hose obtained in subsequent years for most of the aviators (Raynal, Kossowski, Job, 2006). The audiograms that Owen (2004) obtained for the various generations of aviators showed a major reduction in hearing abilities that were not explained by normal physiology. The number of years that a pilot had flown was also significant in the determination of the degree of hearing loss. Owen (2004, p. 57) observed that the aviators that had a flown for longer hours had audiograms with higher frequency threshold compared to individuals with fewer flight hours. Therefore, Owen (2004, p. 57) concluded that there was a positive correlation between hearing threshold, age, and the duration of flying for the aviators. Although the study established that the degree of high frequency hearing loss (noise-induced hearing loss) was greater than what will be normally observed with age, the researcher was unsure of whether the hearing loss was attributable to flying or to other factors (Owen, 2004, p. 57) . In another research that investigated the hearing loss in aviators, the helicopter was the main type of aircraft under focus (Fitzpatrick, 1988). The use of door gunners in the helicopters was recognized as a major source of noise in the cockpit that led to the noise-induced hearing loss in pilots. Fitzpatrick (1988) found out a decrease in hearing level for the aviators in helicopters, with this decline being greater than 5dB that they used as the age-corrected hearing loss (Fitzpatrick, 1988). Most of the aircrew that used helicopters satisfied the criteria used by Fitzpatrick (1988) to evaluate hearing loss, with a hearing loss increasing fourfold in the aviators using the Bell 412 helicopters. However, the material used in this research was small to make a considerable conclusion. The researchers suggested the use of more materials for better conclusion making (Fitzpatrick, 1988). In a study by Wagstaff and Arva (2009), the researchers investigated the differences in hearing l oss for pilots and the air traffic controllers. This study used a larger population of subjects. Hence, the results can be used to make accurate conclusions. The researchers divided their participating aircrew into helicopter pilots, airline pilots, and the Air Traffic Control personnel in an effort to investigate the different audiograms that these aviators had over several years. Just like in the previous studies, the researchers established that the age was a major cause of hearing reduction. Therefore, they applied age correction for the subjects (Wagstaff, Arva2009, p. 860). The researchers observed a significant change in the level of hearing for the different aviators. While using the ATC personnel as the control subjects, the group that was largely affected by the hearing loss was the civilian pilots (Wagstaff, Arva 2009, p. 860). The pilots reported a considerable degree of hearing loss that was attributable to their occupation. Some of the studies investigating the degre e of hearing loss in pilots did not find a significant degree of reduction, with the explanation being the better practices used to protect these individuals in their respective places of work (Kuromen, Toppila, Sorri, Paakkonen, Starck, 2004). The researchers observed that the physical conditions of the pilots that they used in their study were perfect. They had normal hearing (Kuromen, Toppila, Sorri, Paakkonen, Starck, 2004). The factors that were established as relevant in the prevention of hearing loss for these pilots in the military include the health monitoring that is provided by the military and the frequent examination for these individuals (Kuromen, Toppila, Sorri, Paakkonen, Starck, 2004). The possible causes of hearing decrease according to the researchers included the noise from the guns mounted on the military planes and the aviation noise. The model that was used is the Noise Scan Model that is established as a useful one in the assessment of hearing loss in mili tary aviators (Kuromen, Toppila, Sorri, Paakkonen, Starck, 2004). A comparison of different types of aircraft pilots was made in several studies, with most of the studies showing significant correlation between the type of aircraft that was investigated and the degree of hearing loss (Kuromen, Sorri, Muhli, Paakkonen, 2003). The aircraft that were found to have the highest reported incidence of NIHL in pilots is the jet-powered type of aircraft where the researchers found a decrease in hearing ability that was not related to age. This observation brings about the difference between age related hearing loss (presbycusis) and the noise-induced hearing loss that is evident in noise operating environments such as the aviation industry. The decrease in hearing for the aircraft pilots was investigated in other studies that sought to see the difference between hearing prior to take-off and after landing (Kuromen, Sorri, Muhli, Paakkonen, 2003). A specific study that sought to investigat e the differences in hearing threshold after a flight was done in Finland where aviators had audiometry done before take-off followed by another one after landing (Kuromen, Sorri, Muhli, Paakkonen, 2003). The results of this study showed insignificant hearing loss for the subjects, with the suggested reasons being the protection accorded by the various gadgets (Kuromen, Sorri, Muhli, Paakkonen, 2003). However, the researchers stated that the frequent monitoring of the hearing capabilities of aviators in the Finnish air force was necessary to interpret for future studies to make better conclusions (Kuromen, Sorri, Muhli, Paakkonen, 2003). Other Aviators In the present age of space travel, a new source of noise is the space shuttle, which produces considerable noise levels during takeoff and in flight. Some of the studies that were used in this particular study mentioned space shuttles as some of the crafts that may predispose people to hearing loss (Fay, Popper, 2011). One of the limiting factors in the estimation of the hearing loss from the space shuttles is the number of studies that exist in this area. Few researchers have looked at hearing loss specifically in aviators who are involved in space travel. It is also hard to evaluate hearing loss from spacecrafts since the numbers of flights made by each of the aviators in a lifetime are not many. If any hearing loss is observed in the space shuttle, it will also be difficult to make a correlation between this hearing loss and the activities in the shuttles because of the few flights (Fay, Popper, 2011). Space shuttle crew is involved in training. This practice predisposes them to NIHL (Fay, Popper, 2011). Despite this condition occurring in the shuttle crews, one cannot make a conclusion that the NIHL is from the space shuttles or from the training activities. However, it is postulated that space shuttle aircrew members are in greater danger of developing hearing loss occasioned by the frequent space tr avels and the conditions in which they train. Some of the other aviators that the research focused on include the helicopter pilots. They were established as a special group of aviators. In most of the studies that focused on helicopter pilots and the prevalence of NIHL among this population, the researchers applied the same methodology to get to the results. The findings indicate that the helicopter is one of the machines that produce significant noise during flight. Aviators that operate it are also likely to develop NIHL (Dehart, Davis, 2008). Unlike other types of aircraft, the helicopter has a different method of propulsion, which is located above a significantly small-sitting space. The noise produced by the engine that is used to turn the rotors is significantly great. Pilots are constantly exposed to this noise. Apart from the avionic noise in helicopters, some of the other extra sources of noise in these machines include the weapons that are mounted on it in the military a nd the on-board electronic gadgets (Dehart, Davis, 2008). In most studies, helicopter pilots are said to have the highest exposure to noise in the aviation industry, with a greater number of them developing NIHL as compared to other aviators (Fitzpatrick, 1988). Despite the finding of increased susceptibility for helicopter pilots to aviation noise in most of the researches, some studies concluded that there was no difference between the hearing loss in these aircrafts and that from other aircraft pilots (Dehart, Davis, 2008). Ground Crew Most of the studies investigating the prevalence and presence of hearing loss in the aviation industry used the data obtained from pilots (Von Gierke, Kent, 1981). Most of the studies had a basic underlying assumption that the pilots are the main individuals affected by the noise from the aircrafts. The ground crew members also face the challenge of high frequency and loud noise since they work in an environment that is full of the same (Von Gie rke, Kent, 1981). Most of these individuals have different areas where they work, including air traffic control, engineering, flight management, and other complementary roles such as luggage control and security. Although they work in different departments in the airports, they are also susceptible to the loud noise coming from the engines of aircrafts (Fitzpatrick, 1988). In one of the studies that investigated the prevalence of hearing loss in the ground crew members, the age-adjusted hearing levels for these individuals was not different from that observed in the general population (Von Gierke, Kent, 1981). A general reduction rate in hearing was observed, with this level varying with the areas in which the individuals worked (Von Gierke, Kent, 1981). However, the hearing loss was present in some of the individuals working in departments such as aircraft maintenance and engineering departments (Rajguru, 2012). In the members of the aircrew that were not involved in flying, the use of protective gadgets was recognized as the main protective measure that helped them prevent the decrease in hearing ability. NIHL and Ear Protection One of the factors that were considered important in influencing the results of the studies listed above is the use of ear protection in the individuals mentioned in these studies (Rajguru, 2012). The use of noise protection gadgets in aviators is also the subject of this study. It investigates the different types of protection showing how each will alter results of the studies. This research also sought to investigate which device between earmuffs and earplugs is more effective in offering protection to aviators from NIHL. Miss (2004) is one of the researchers who investigated the use of different methods to reduce the effects of noise in the aviation industry on the aircrew. He states a need to adhere to noise reduction criteria, and that different methods of noise problem alleviation were already in use (Miss, 2004). The most c ommonly used method of reducing the effects of noise on aircrews is the use of a flight helmet. According to Miss (2004), this headset approach is effective in most cases. The researcher proposed new forms of helmets that would be even more effective in noise reduction. However, the main disadvantages to the use of these gadgets include their weight and sizes, which are a problem for pilots (Miss, 2004). Another form of noise reduction is the use of devices that reduce noise actively (Miss, 2004). According to Miss (2004), this method is also known as Active Noise Reduction (ANR). Although the use of ANR in noise reduction is thought to be more effective compared to other methods of noise reduction in the cabin, the practical application has been a challenge, with few aviators and aircrafts having the capabilities to use the devices (Miss, 2004). A comparison of the different types of helmets that Miss (2004) discussed is possible. It shows that the ANR helmets are better at reducin g noise compared to the standard helmets. Role Std Helmet ANR Helmet mar 99 ANR Helmet Apr 00 Pilot 89.3 (4.3) 85.6 (3.5) 80.9 (2.8) Observer 90.4 (3.9) 83.8 (4.5) 80.7 (4.4) Mean noise dose (and associated standard deviations) measured in Sea King AEW2 for Standard and ANR Mk4 flight helmets Source (Miss, 2004, p. 13) Earplugs The use of earplugs for the protection of individuals from sources of destructive sound is common. Earplugs have been associated with considerable degrees of success (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 899). There are different makes and models of earplugs. This fact makes the differences in attenuation of sound evident in the users of the devices (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 899). Abel and Odell (2006, p. 899) are some of the researchers who conducted investigations into the use of earmuffs and earplugs to protect aviators and other individual from NIHL. These researchers stated that the use of earplugs might provide better protection for individuals, especially pi lots (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 899). Abel and Odell (2006, p. 899) confirm, â€Å"In general, earplugs provide relatively more attenuation (15–40 dB) below 1 kHz, but are about the same above 1 kHz for highly rated devices.† Some of the factors that affect the attenuation of these devices are dependent on the individual user. The main difference was in the ability to fit the devices well (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 899). Some of the other factors that Abel and Odell (2006, p. 899) established as affecting the attenuation offered by earplugs include the maintenance for the devices, the sizing that is done and the headband tension (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 899). The combination of earmuffs and earplug should offer better protection for loud noises according to Abel and Odell (2006, p. 899). Earplugs offer mechanical protection to loud noises as compared to other forms of protection such as ANR. Therefore, they may be uncomfortable for users based on the differences in anatomies for the users. The ‘make’ of the earplug is also important as different companies make different models based on the standard ear shape for their region and expected market (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 899). Earmuffs Earmuffs are considerably bigger that earplugs. They are associated with more comfort for the users. However, a key difference is the level of noise reduction and protection that each of these accord to the users. According to Abel and Odell (2006, p. 899), â€Å"For earmuffs, attenuation increases from about 15 dB at 0.125 Hz to about 35 dB at1 kHz and then remains fairly stable.† Earmuffs are important [protection gadgets for pilots and other individuals exposed to high levels of noise. Many studies have found these gadgets to be useful in the reduction of risks associated with a loud noise. These instruments have been used in reducing noise from weapon systems. Abel and Odell (2006, p. 899) assert, â€Å"Studies of measurements made inside earmuffs wi th probe microphones have shown that the attenuation may be sufficient to protect against a pistol or rifle shot, but will not reduce the level of blasts from a bazooka or canon to safe levels.† Earmuffs offer considerable protection from noise related to aviation, but are not as effective as the use of earplugs in the protection of individuals in these activities. In a study comparing the effectiveness of using the muff and the plugs alone, the researchers found the muff to be less effective compared to the plug-in reducing exposure to noise in individuals (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 903). However, they observed that the combination of both devices was more useful in reducing the noise exposure to the ears (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 899). Therefore, these researchers suggested that the devices consisting of earmuffs and earplugs combined into one device were more useful in preventing NIHL as compared to other types of devices, or when the two are used alone (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 9 01). Attenuation (dB) as a function of frequency: Effect of ear condition Source (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 901). Discussion This study finds that the problem of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss is a common one. The group that is significantly affected is that of the aviators. This group is frequently exposed to noise levels that are above the daily average for other occupations and professions (Dehart, Davis, 2008). The different jobs that are available for aircrew members predispose them to the NIHL. The profession that is mostly affected is the piloting part (Dehart, Davis, 2008). The evolution of NIHL is found to be different from presbycusis in pathophysiology. The present structural abnormalities differ between the two groups of patients (Rajguru, 2012). The aviators that are mostly affected by NIHL are the helicopter pilots because they operate crafts that have many sources of noise (Rajguru, 2012). However, some of the studies found that there was no difference between the occurre nces of NIHL in helicopter pilots from that observed in other aviators. The underlying finding in most of these studies is that the aircrew members have a higher chance of getting NIHL in their lifetime as compared to other individuals. Apart from the development of NIHL in pilots, the other group of aircrew members that the study finds to be at increased risk of developing NIHL is the ground crew. According to Kuromen, Sorri, Muhli, and Paakkonen (2003), ground crew individuals are exposed to different sources of noise, with the main source being the aircrafts that they service and maintain. The development of NIHL in the ground crew is not as pronounced as in pilots. The reasons behind this finding include the avid use of protection for the individuals and the different areas where they work. The other type of aircrew that the research investigated as being predisposed to NIHL included the space shuttle aircrew people who are exposed to considerable noise levels (Fay, Popper, 201 1). The studies evaluated were not rewarding, with most citing the fewer times that these crew members are exposed to noise in their few space travel missions (Fay, Popper, 2011). The use of ear protection is recognized as important in the mitigation of the effects of loud noise in aviators in the form of NIHL. The two types of protection mainly used are the earplugs and the earmuffs, which have shown effectiveness in reducing the noise exposure in aviators (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 903). This study finds that the use of earplugs is more useful in the protection of aviators and other aircrew members to the development of NIHL. However, the combination of the two methods of noise protection is more effective than the use of any of them alone (Abel, Odell, 2006, p. 903). The study qualified as an article review by using findings from previous studies. There is a need to carry out researches that are prospective, which will follow the progression of hearing in aircrew members working i n noisy environments. There is also need to carry out studies on the prevalence of NIHL in space shuttle aircrew, as one of the limitations for this study is that there were few researchers looking at NIHL this particular group. Conclusion This study evaluated the findings of some of the researchers who conducted studies on the prevalence, cause, and differences of Noise-induced Hearing Loss in different aircrew members. The findings indicate that working as an aircrew member in different capacities predisposes one to NIHL. Pilots are specifically at greater risk of developing NIHL, with the reasons behind this observation being provided. The study also concludes that the use of earplugs is better in protecting against the effects of loud noises. However, the application of both earplugs and earmuffs is better in achieving the same results. Reference List Abel, M. (2005). Hearing loss in military aviation and other trades: investigation of prevalence and risk factors. Aviat Space En viron Med, 76(1), 1128 –35. Abel, M., Odell, P. (2006). Sound attenuation from earmuffs and earplugs in combination: maximum benefits vs. missed information. Aviat Space Environ Med, 77(1), 899–904. Azizi, M. (2010). Occupational Noise-induced Hearing Loss, International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1(3), 116-123. Barney, R., Bohnker, K. (2006). Hearing thresholds for U.S. Marines: comparison of aviation, combat arms, and other personnel. Aviat Space Environ Med, 77(1): 53-6. Dehart, R., Davis, R. (2008). Fundamentals of aerospace medicine: Translating research into Clinical Applications. Lippincott: Williams and Wilkins. Fay, R., Popper, A. (2011). Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. New York, NY: Springer. Fitzpatrick, T. (1988). An analysis of noise-induced hearing loss in Army helicopter pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med, 59(1), 937-41. Gradwell, D., Rainford, D. (2006). Ernsting’s Aviation medicine. London: Taylor Francis. Kur omen, P., Sorri, J., Muhli, A., Paakkonen, M. (2003). Temporary Threshold Shift ion Military Pilots Measured Using Conventional and extended High Frequency Audiometry after One Flight. International Journal of Audiology, 42(1), 29-33. Kuromen, P., Toppila, E., Sorri, J., Paakkonen, M., Starck, J. (2004). Modelling the Risk of Noise-induced Hearing Loss among Military Pilots. International Journal of Audiology, 43(1), 79-84. Miss, J. (2004). Defining the Cockpit Noise Hazard, Aircrew Hearing Damage Risk and the Benefits Active Noise Reduction Headsets Can Provide. RTO-EN-HFM-111, 1(1), 5-20. Orsello, A., Moore, E., Reese, C. (2013). Sensorineural hearing loss incidence among U.S. military aviators between 1997 and 2011. Aviat Space Environ Med, 84(1), 975-9. Owen, P. (1996). A survey of hearing loss in army aircrew. Occupational Med, 46(1), 53-58. Rajguru, R. (2012). Enhancing Aircrew Protection against Noise-induced Hearing Loss. Ind J Aerospace Med, 56(1), 39-49. Rajguru, R. (20 13). Military Aircrew and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: Prevention and Management. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 84(12), 57-67 Raynal, M., Kossowski, M., Job, A. (2006). Hearing in military pilots: onetime audiometry in pilots of fighters, transports, and helicopters. Aviat Space Environ Med, 77(1), 57-61. Von Gierke, E., Kent, J. (1981). Analysis of the potential association between noise-induced hearing loss and cardiovascular evaluation in aircrew members. Journal of acoustic. Soc. Am., 69(1), 38-39. Wagstaff, S., Ã…rva, P. (2009). Hearing loss in civilian airline and helicopter pilots compared to air traffic control personnel. Aviat Space Environ Med, 80(1), 857 – 61. This research paper on Causes of Noise-induced Hearing Loss was written and submitted by user Amelia Morin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Terrorism Throughout the History of the United States

Terrorism Throughout the History of the United States Terrorism in America, like America itself, is a product of the many populations, issues and conflicts that co-exist within the nation’s borders. The United States is nearly unique among nations for its ability to â€Å"contain multitudes† in relative harmony. On examination, a substantial amount of terrorism in American history is motivated by an extreme distrust of the American ideal of democracy, in which people of varied backgrounds can all claim loyalty to and the benefits of the American system. In other words, despite enormous variation in terrorism’s expression, domestic terrorism in the United States can often be explained as a violent claim over what or who is authentically American. This distrust has had various forms of expression by different groups, in different periods. Colonists Use Violence to Proclaim Independence Although the Boston Tea Party does not necessarily come to mind as an act of terrorism, the staged rebellion by colonists was meant to threaten the British into changing its policy of taxing colonist tea importers imports, while offering a tariff-free trade to its East India Tea Company. Putting the Boston Tea Party in the category of terrorism can be a useful exercise for comparing the goals and tactics of different national liberation groups, which is what the Americansonce upon a timewere. Post-Civil War Terrorism - Violent White Supremacy The first and arguably most entrenched terrorist in the United States is based in an ideology called white supremacy, which holds that white Protestant Christians are superior to other ethnicities and races and that public life should reflect this purported hierarchy. In the period before the Civil War, American social organization did, in fact, reflect a presumed white supremacy, since slavery was legal. It was only after the Civil War, when Congress and the Union military began to enforce equality between the races, that white supremacy emerged. The Ku Klux Klan grew out of this period, using a variety of means to terrorize and harm African-Americans and sympathetic whites. In 1871, they were outlawed by Congress as a terrorist group, but they have had several violent incarnations since then. The Ku Klux Klan is no longer outwardly violent, but it has many chapters and continues to spread a racist ideology today, often against immigrants. Communists and Anarchist Violence Erupts in the 1920s The Bolshevik revolution that created the Soviet Union in 1917 had a powerful effect on socialist-minded revolutionaries the world over, including in the United States. And the roaring twenties, a period of tremendous wealth building by American robber barons provided a useful background for agitators against inequality. Most of this agitation had nothing to do with terrorism - labor strikes were common, for example. But anarchist and communist violence expressed the extreme end of a mainstream rift running through American society. The resulting red scare expressed peoples terrible fear that a communist revolution could unfold on American soil. One of the first cases of terrorism to be investigated by the FBI was the 1920 bombing on Wall Street by suspected anarchists. A spate of unsolved bombings in 1920 also gave rise to the infamous Palmer Raids, a series of mass arrests of Americans of Russian and other origins. The 1920s were also a period of upsurge in KKK violence, carried o ut not only against African-Americans but also against Jews, Catholics, and immigrants. Domestic Terrorism Explodes in the 1960s-1970s The expansion of plane travel beyond an elite few in the 1950s and 1960s enabled hijacking - or skyjacking, as it was known then. In the United States, flights going to and from Cuba frequently hijacked, although not always motivated by a strong political intention. This was the era, in other parts of the world, of post-colonial national liberation movements. In Algeria, in the Middle East, in Cuba, guerrilla warfare was revolutionary chic as much as it was a serious tactic. Both the serious intention and the youthful fashion took hold in the United States. American youth opposed to what they viewed as American imperialism, fueled by the ideals of civil rights for blacks, women, gays, and others, and deeply opposed to the deepening entanglement in Vietnam, turned radical. And some turned violent. Some had a relatively coherent platform, such as the Black Panthers and the Weathermen, while others, like the Symbionese Liberation Army - which, famously, kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst - were more generally in favor of something vaguely revolutionary. Right-Wing Terrorism on the Rise in the 1980s The radicalism of the 1960s and 1970s was followed by the conservatism of the Reagan era, in mainstream America. Political violence  too  took a turn to the right. In the 1980s, white supremacist and neo-Nazi groups such as Aryan Nation saw a resurgence, often among working-class white males, who perceived themselves as displaced by women, African Americans, Jews, and immigrants who benefited from new civil rights legislation. Terrorism in the name of Christianity also surged in the 1980s and 1990s. Radical groups and individuals committed to violent action to stop abortion were among the most visible. Michael Bray, head of a group called the Army of God spent four years in prison for his abortion clinic bombings in the 1980s. In 1999, the most lethal act of domestic violence to date occurred when Timothy McVeigh bombed the Alfred P. Murrah building in  Oklahoma City, killing 168 people. McVeighs stated motivation - revenge against a federal government that he viewed as intrusive and oppressive, was an extreme version of more mainstream desire among many for a smaller government. Dean Harvey Hicks, a citizen angry over his taxes, for example, created the one-man terrorist group Up the IRS, Inc. and tried to bomb IRS locations. Global terrorism comes to America The September 11,  2001  attacks by  Al Qaeda  continue to dominate the story of terrorism in the United States in the 21st century. The attacks were the first major act of global terrorism in U.S. territory. It was the culminating event of a decade of rising extremist, militant religious sentiment in many quarters of the world.

Identify a significant problem area within American Business, or Essay

Identify a significant problem area within American Business, or Business Related Law today - Essay Example In an employment situation, for example, an employee may be being subjected to language discrimination if the workplace has a â€Å"speak-English-only† policy but the employee’s primary language is something other than English† (The Legal Aid Society - Employment Law Center and the ACLU Foundation of Northern California 1). 2. Description of the Nature and Extent of the Problem in Contemporary Society In contemporary society, language discrimination still continues despite laws that were enforced regarding the need to comply with regulations imposed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which states that â€Å"the mere existence of a â€Å"speak-English-only† workplace policy is evidence of discrimination under federal law† (The Legal Aid Society - Employment Law Center and the ACLU Foundation of Northern California 2). Furthermore, discriminating the use of one’s native language has been found to â€Å"be a form of discrimination o n the basis of race or national origin, which are prohibited by well-established civil rights laws such as Titles VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (a federal law), and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (a state law)† (The Legal Aid Society - Employment Law Center and the ACLU Foundation of Northern California 1). 3. ... enter) on behalf of the plaintiffs, the Filipino nurses’ employed in DRMC were summoned to alleged mandatory meetings emphasizing the need to conform to the English-only policy and were, likewise, appropriately advised and warned that surveillance monitoring systems would be installed as a means of controlling them. As such, the report indicated that even during break time, fellow staff nurses continue to barrage these Filipino nurses into complying with the English-only policy; they were also encouraged to immediately report Filipino nurses who speak in their native language. In a copy of the case brief, it was also disclosed that the discrimination targeted only Filipino nurses, and other non-Filipino nurses who speak their respective native languages were not subjected to the same discriminative rules and practices (Asian American Legal Center, "Case No. 1:10-cv-01492-LJO-JLT" 9). 4. Analysis and Discussion of Ways that the Problem Affects Life The language discrimination p roblem was reported to have caused severe emotional and psychological stress, as well as economic difficulties, which ensued due to the need to file legal charges against the hospital for violating the rights of these workers, subject to the Equal Employment Opportunities law and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. According to one of the nurses, who was selected spokesperson of the Filipino nurses who filed the legal action against DRMC, the organization’s imposition of sanctions created due embarrassment and lowered the morale of Filipino nurses. Despite having served the organization for a considerable length of time, the loyalty and dedication rendered were not at all acknowledged and, therefore, the language discrimination practiced causes significant stress, feelings of isolation, and being

Explain the paradox of slavery and freedom, and how slavery and ideals Essay

Explain the paradox of slavery and freedom, and how slavery and ideals of freedom could coexist in North America - Essay Example Though, all these practices have now been legally eliminated but it still remains in the form of racial discrimination, which is quiet apparent in the American Society1. These marginalized groups of people now face the harsh treatment even in the hands of legal systems in America. White policemen are let of for killing a black youth, while a black person is severely punished for a small crime. There are other racist activities carried out at workplaces, schools and institutions where they are not given equal treatments and are looked down upon. Hence, it can be concluded that the concept slavery and freedom paradox is evident in American Society. The black president of white America, President Obama recently reacting to a comment to a white Coach of Basket Ball Team, said, â€Å"United States continues to wrestle with legacy of race and slavery and segregation. We have made enormous stride but you are going to continue to see this percolate up every so often2.† This comment was made recently when the coach showed a discriminatory behavior against the blacks. breitbart.com. Obama On Nba Owners Comments: Us Continues To Wrestle With Legacy Of Race, Slavery And Segregation. April 27, 2014. http://www.breitbart.com/Breitbart-TV/2014/04/27/Obama-on-NBA-Owner-Comments-US-Continues-To-Wrestle-With-Legacy-Of-Race-Slavery-and-Segregation (accessed 2014 30,

Ask week6 m 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ask week6 m 8 - Essay Example 621), the knowledge of â€Å"Winner Curse† helps professionals to become more aware of issues and matters at hand. It also helps an individual to be more creative and innovative in future decision making process. Operation successful: patient dead is defined by Holmes (1985) as a phrase that explains changes and reforms in the health care sector. It expounds on possible predicaments that may hinder the transformation process. For example, the transformation in healthcare sector in Canada can be referred to as operation successful: Patient Dead. According to Masuch (1983, p. 17), vicious circle is articulated when a wrong decision in an organization is followed by another wrong decision for a long period. This may be due to poor policies and ideologies As observed by Breyer (1993, p. 87), vicious circle can be alleviated through change of attitude and improvement in organization tactics such as a change in decision making tactics. For instance, the involvement of all stakeholders in decision making process is very critical in averting the vicious circle According to Rothstein (2005, p. 67), decision paradox is a situation where a rational decision making process leads to unexpected results, which may undermine the objectives and goals of the decision maker. For example, a failed plan aimed at improving organization performance can be referred to as decision paradox (Amason and Mooney, 2008, p. 407). As stated by Bell (1982, p.961), to counter the impact of decision paradox, decision makers ought to identify the decision paradox risks and develop ways of managing them in decision making process. For example, any decision to expand organization operations ought to be preceded by a comprehensive market survey According to Bulow and Klemperer (2002, p. 7), winner curse is more likely to occur in a competitive environment. Competitive environment leads to increased level of uncertainty relating to the value of the product or services to bid (Burger

Theeb (2014) Summary and Review

Theeb (2014) Summary and Review Brandon Sanders  Ã‚   Theeb is a drama thriller film directed by Jordanian film director, Naji Abu Nowar. The film is about a young Bedouin boy named Theeb, played by Jacir Eid, who must adventure across the large desert of Wadi Rum. It takes place in the middle east surrounding World War I and is set during a period known as the Arab Revolt. This was a time when Arab nationalists sought to fight for independence from the Ottoman Empire. They saw an opportunity to be able to free Arab lands from the control of Turkish oppression, but could only accomplish this with the help of British officials. Which is why Edward, played by English actor Jack Fox, accompanies the boy in the journey of a lifetime (Stephen 2015: 1). Additionally, much of Theeb was filmed in Wadi Rum, located in southern Jordan. Although, it was split up into three locations; the first event, Theebs tribal encampment, was shot in Wadi Araba. The second event, the pilgrims trail, was shot in wadi rum. Finally, the third event, the ottoman fortress, was shot near Amman. This is one of the things that attracted me to the film because of how accurate and true to nature the locations were. It wasnt like they were filming in America trying to portray what happened, instead they chose Wadi Rum which has deep roots in Bedouin history and culture. Another aspect of the film that attracted me was how recent it had been released. Its hard to find foreign films that are contemporary and true to culture. What I mean by true to the culture is they dont use directors or actors from outside the culture because in most cases it could lead to inaccuracy or manipulation of the film, and all the actors were recruited from the Bedouin tribe. Except f or Jack fox of course, who played the British soldier. Which is why Theeb was a perfect choice to help describe Bedouin cultural context and meaning. For this reason, it is important to be able to understand Bedouin culture to fully appreciate the film. The Bedouin, a nomadic Arabic-speaking culture from the Middle East, are animal herders of the desert. Meaning they earn their living primarily from animal husbandry by natural graze and browse of sheep, goats, and camels (Chatty 2009: 1).   Traditionally speaking, the Bedouin seasonally migrate over the Middle East and North Africa depending on pasture and water because they need animals for survival. This largely plays into the subsistence of the culture, whereas the core of Bedouin subsistence is pastoral nomadism.   Another important aspect of the culture that one should note before watching the film is Bedouin history and cultural relations. For the most part, Bedouin societies are always linked to other non-pastoral societies by economic, social, and political relations. Meaning that they are considered specialist in livestock breeding in terms of local context. This is important when understanding the role of Bedouin societies for aspects concerning cultural relations. In addition to this, Bedouin history is largely important. In regards to the film, the most important information to note is the Arab Revolt. The Arab Revolt started in 1916 with the goal of gaining independence from the Ottoman Turks, with the hopes of being able to unite a single Arab state. This largely was due to the appeal of Arab nationalism, and is sometimes referred to as the Arab Awakening (Jones 2013: 399-401). In the film, you see the this portrayed in the actors as they fight their way across the desert accompanied by British soldier. In addition to this, there is much cultural meaning with the work. It exemplifies the culture by showing history in an accurate setting and using actors from a Bedouin tribe to help illustrate Bedouin culture. It portrays to the audience the lifestyle of Bedouin culture by showing accurate representations of camps and implementing core values. Values such as the importance of hospitality within Bedouin culture. Hospitality is greatly ritualized and taught within the teachings of the Quran. And, for the most part, Bedouin are considered Sunni Muslims and follow the teaching of the Quran. In fact, hospitality is so important that guests must be protected as if they were family members (Chatty 2009: 7). The film portrays this accurately with the acceptance of the British soldier, Edward. The film also shows the roles of men, where traditional Bedouin- Arab families are dominated by males. Also, shown in the film, men are the primary outfitters of war and political issues. Furthermore, this film helps to signify or convey traditional values and history of Bedouin culture by accurately following cultural context and history within the film. Such as Men having dominant roles within the film and showing cultural context such as religious practices of hospitality. It shows the importance and struggle of Bedouin history, and makes known the traditional aspects within the culture. Traditional aspects such as subsistence, identification and location, history and cultural relations, and religious beliefs and practices. All in all, Theeb is an excellent feature film from Bedouin culture and accurately highlights and shows key aspects of the culture. Furthermore, the film represents a universal message that translates to all cultures. Inspiring perseverance through trials and tribulations and encouraging traditional cultural practices inspiring nationalism. It is a contemporary example that even today films can be made that exemplify culture. Citations Chatty, D. (2009). Culture Summary: Bedouin. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files. Retrieved from http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=mj04-000 JONES, C., MILTON-EDWARDS, B. (2013). Missing the devils we knew? Israel and political Islam amid the Arab Awakening. International Affairs, 89(2), 399-415. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12024 Holden, S. (2015, November 05). Review: In Theeb, a Bedouin Boys Brutal Coming-of-Age. Retrieved March 30, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/06/movies/review-in-theeb-a-bedouin-boys-brutal-coming-of-age.html